Monthly, seasonal, and annual climate observations averaged for political units. Time period = 1961-1990 mean Variable = near-surface temperature maximum (degrees Celsius) missing value = -999.0 : format = (a20,12f8.1,5f8.1) * File created and owned by Dr. Tim Mitchell (t.mitchell@uea.ac.uk). Full rights retained. Created at the Tyndall Centre (www.tyndall.ac.uk) on 26.10.2001 at 11:08 The data in this file may be used for non-commercial scientific and educational purposes. Where research using this data is published, the source should be acknowledged as: Mitchell,T.D., Hulme,M., and New,M., 2002: Climate data for political areas. Area 34:109-112. Method: observations made by national meteorological agencies were gridded by New et al. The gridded data were aggregated using political boundaries by Mitchell and Hulme. (New,M.G., Hulme,M., and Jones,P.D., 2000: Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part II: Development of 1901-1996 monthly grids of terrestrial surface climate. Journal of Climate 13: 2217-2238.) Disclaimer: No responsibility is taken for the accuracy of these data. Disclaimer: No political statement is implied in the selection of these political units. * * AGGREGATION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MAM JJA SON DJF ANN Actaeon Group 28.6 28.9 28.9 28.2 26.7 25.7 25.1 24.8 25.2 25.8 26.7 27.6 27.9 25.2 25.9 28.4 26.9 Afghanistan 5.7 7.6 13.3 19.5 25.1 30.8 32.4 31.2 27.2 20.9 14.1 8.3 19.3 31.5 20.8 7.2 19.7 Albania 5.8 7.4 10.9 15.2 20.3 24.3 27.2 27.2 23.4 17.6 12.0 7.4 15.5 26.2 17.7 6.9 16.5 Aldabra Isl 30.6 30.6 31.3 31.1 30.1 28.4 27.8 28.0 28.6 29.6 30.7 30.8 30.8 28.1 29.6 30.7 29.8 Aleutians 1.4 0.3 1.2 3.0 6.3 10.0 12.6 13.3 11.5 7.3 4.0 2.0 3.5 11.9 7.6 1.2 6.1 Algeria 18.9 21.8 25.1 29.2 33.7 38.2 40.0 39.4 35.8 30.1 24.0 19.5 29.3 39.2 30.0 20.1 29.6 Amsterdam Isl 19.4 19.7 18.4 16.8 14.8 13.2 12.5 12.5 13.2 14.4 15.8 18.0 16.7 12.7 14.5 19.0 15.7 Andaman Isl 29.6 30.3 31.2 32.3 31.0 29.8 29.4 29.3 29.4 30.0 29.8 29.5 31.5 29.5 29.8 29.8 30.1 Andorra 3.9 5.1 7.6 9.8 14.1 18.3 22.4 21.7 18.9 13.7 7.7 4.6 10.5 20.8 13.4 4.5 12.3 Angola 28.1 28.2 28.4 28.6 28.3 26.8 26.5 28.2 29.8 29.8 28.7 28.1 28.4 27.1 29.4 28.1 28.3 Anguilla 28.1 28.2 28.7 29.1 29.3 29.9 30.4 30.7 30.7 30.4 29.6 28.6 29.0 30.3 30.2 28.3 29.5 Antigua 28.3 28.3 28.8 29.1 29.6 30.0 30.5 30.6 30.5 30.3 29.7 28.7 29.2 30.4 30.2 28.4 29.5 Antipodes Isl 15.5 14.9 13.3 11.6 9.6 8.3 7.4 7.4 8.4 10.2 12.2 14.3 11.5 7.7 10.3 14.9 11.1 Argentina 28.4 27.4 24.7 21.0 17.2 13.9 14.0 16.3 19.0 22.2 25.2 27.5 21.0 14.7 22.1 27.8 21.4 Armenia -2.6 -0.7 5.4 12.9 18.3 23.2 27.4 26.7 22.6 14.5 7.3 0.5 12.2 25.8 14.8 -1.0 13.0 Ascension 27.5 28.6 29.4 29.4 28.4 27.0 26.4 25.6 25.6 25.9 26.3 27.0 29.1 26.3 25.9 27.7 27.3 Auckland Isl 12.9 13.0 12.2 10.4 8.6 7.2 7.0 7.8 8.6 9.5 10.5 12.1 10.4 7.3 9.6 12.7 10.0 Australia 34.3 33.5 31.8 28.6 24.5 21.6 21.1 23.1 26.4 29.9 32.3 33.9 28.3 21.9 29.5 33.9 28.4 Austria -0.4 1.5 5.6 10.3 15.0 18.2 20.3 19.9 16.6 11.7 4.9 0.8 10.3 19.4 11.1 0.6 10.4 Azerbaijan 3.9 4.8 9.4 17.1 22.7 27.9 30.7 30.2 25.3 17.4 11.2 5.8 16.4 29.6 18.0 4.8 17.2 Azores 16.2 15.9 16.5 17.3 18.8 20.9 23.3 24.5 23.7 21.2 18.7 17.0 17.5 22.9 21.2 16.4 19.5 Bahamas 26.5 26.9 28.2 29.4 30.7 32.0 33.0 33.0 32.4 31.1 28.9 27.1 29.4 32.7 30.8 26.8 29.9 Bahrain 21.3 23.8 28.1 33.4 39.6 42.5 43.8 43.1 40.7 36.0 29.4 23.6 33.7 43.1 35.4 22.9 33.8 Banaba 30.6 30.8 30.8 30.8 31.2 30.9 31.1 31.1 30.4 31.3 31.2 30.8 30.9 31.0 31.0 30.7 30.9 Bangladesh 24.9 27.3 31.2 32.4 32.0 30.8 30.3 30.5 30.8 30.5 28.5 25.6 31.9 30.6 29.9 25.9 29.6 Barbados 28.4 28.7 29.2 29.8 30.2 30.1 30.0 30.2 30.3 30.2 29.6 28.9 29.8 30.1 30.0 28.7 29.6 Barbuda 28.6 28.6 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.9 30.5 30.7 30.6 30.5 30.0 29.0 29.3 30.4 30.4 28.7 29.7 Bassas da India 31.3 31.3 31.1 29.8 28.1 26.5 26.1 26.9 27.7 28.5 29.5 30.6 29.7 26.5 28.6 31.1 29.0 Belarus -4.0 -2.3 2.9 11.5 18.9 21.9 23.0 22.3 17.1 10.5 3.4 -1.2 11.1 22.4 10.3 -2.5 10.3 Belgium 4.7 5.9 9.2 12.8 17.5 20.4 22.1 22.3 19.2 14.8 8.9 5.7 13.2 21.6 14.3 5.4 13.6 Belize 26.8 27.9 29.4 31.0 31.7 31.2 30.6 31.2 30.9 29.7 27.9 26.9 30.7 31.0 29.5 27.2 29.6 Benin 33.9 36.1 36.9 36.2 34.4 32.1 30.1 29.5 30.5 32.8 34.4 33.8 35.9 30.6 32.6 34.6 33.4 Bermuda 21.8 21.6 21.9 23.1 25.7 28.4 30.7 31.3 30.3 28.9 25.5 23.0 23.6 30.1 28.2 22.1 26.0 Bhutan 7.2 8.1 11.0 13.6 16.1 18.5 18.3 18.0 17.2 14.7 11.2 8.8 13.5 18.3 14.4 8.0 13.6 Bioko 29.6 30.6 30.3 29.8 29.0 27.8 26.5 26.5 27.2 27.8 28.7 29.2 29.7 26.9 27.9 29.8 28.6 Bolivia 28.3 28.2 27.9 27.6 26.4 25.2 25.7 27.7 29.2 29.8 29.7 28.8 27.3 26.2 29.6 28.5 27.9 Bonin Isl 17.2 17.1 18.5 21.4 23.8 26.2 28.6 29.2 28.3 25.7 22.7 19.2 21.2 28.0 25.6 17.8 23.2 Bosnia-Herzegovinia 2.9 5.2 9.5 14.4 19.4 22.8 25.4 25.5 21.7 15.9 9.3 4.6 14.4 24.6 15.6 4.2 14.7 Botswana 32.7 31.6 30.9 28.8 26.4 23.6 24.0 26.9 30.7 32.4 32.7 32.6 28.7 24.8 31.9 32.3 29.4 Brazil 30.4 30.4 30.2 29.9 29.4 29.0 29.4 30.6 31.1 31.3 30.9 30.6 29.9 29.7 31.1 30.5 30.3 Brunei 29.5 29.9 30.7 31.4 31.7 31.5 31.2 31.4 31.1 30.8 30.4 30.1 31.3 31.4 30.8 29.8 30.8 Bulgaria 2.5 4.6 9.4 15.4 20.8 24.7 27.2 26.9 23.1 16.8 10.1 4.5 15.2 26.3 16.7 3.9 15.5 Burkina Faso 33.4 36.2 38.3 38.9 37.8 35.1 32.2 31.1 32.4 35.5 35.7 33.5 38.3 32.8 34.5 34.3 35.0 Burundi 25.5 25.7 25.6 25.1 24.9 25.4 26.0 27.0 27.2 26.5 25.2 25.2 25.2 26.1 26.3 25.4 25.8 Cabinda 29.8 30.8 31.0 30.9 29.4 26.5 25.4 25.4 26.8 28.5 29.0 29.0 30.4 25.8 28.1 29.8 28.5 Cambodia 30.3 31.9 33.7 34.1 32.9 31.7 30.9 30.8 30.4 30.1 29.8 29.6 33.5 31.1 30.1 30.6 31.3 Cameroon 30.8 32.5 32.6 32.2 30.8 29.0 27.6 27.4 28.3 29.5 30.4 30.4 31.9 28.0 29.4 31.2 30.1 Campbell Isl 11.4 11.3 10.5 8.9 7.7 6.5 6.1 6.5 7.1 7.9 8.9 10.5 9.0 6.4 8.0 11.1 8.6 Canada -18.0 -16.0 -10.8 -2.2 6.4 13.4 17.3 15.5 9.1 1.4 -8.2 -15.2 -2.2 15.4 0.8 -16.4 -0.6 Canary Isl 17.4 18.1 19.2 19.6 20.9 22.8 25.6 26.3 25.6 23.4 20.7 18.1 19.9 24.9 23.2 17.9 21.5 Cape Verde Isl 25.2 25.4 25.9 26.1 26.5 27.0 27.4 28.5 29.1 29.0 27.9 25.9 26.2 27.6 28.7 25.5 27.0 Caroline Isl 30.2 30.3 30.5 30.7 30.7 30.8 30.8 31.0 31.0 31.0 31.0 30.5 30.6 30.9 31.0 30.3 30.7 Central African Rep 32.7 34.9 34.6 33.3 31.7 30.0 28.6 28.5 29.1 30.2 31.8 32.1 33.2 29.0 30.4 33.2 31.5 Chad 29.4 32.1 35.3 38.0 38.9 38.2 35.8 34.2 35.1 34.9 32.2 29.9 37.4 36.1 34.1 30.5 34.5 Chagos Archipelago 30.2 30.6 31.1 31.1 30.3 29.1 28.7 28.7 28.9 29.3 29.9 30.4 30.8 28.8 29.4 30.4 29.9 Chile 17.7 17.4 16.1 13.8 11.1 9.1 8.7 9.7 11.4 13.5 15.3 17.0 13.6 9.2 13.4 17.4 13.4 China -1.2 1.3 7.5 14.5 19.8 23.3 25.2 24.5 20.2 14.1 6.4 0.6 14.0 24.3 13.6 0.2 13.0 Christmas Isl 30.5 31.0 31.3 31.5 31.1 30.5 30.2 30.4 31.0 31.3 31.2 31.0 31.3 30.4 31.2 30.8 30.9 Cocos Isl 29.4 29.8 29.7 29.6 29.1 28.3 27.8 27.9 28.1 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.5 28.0 28.5 29.5 28.9 Colombia 30.1 30.6 30.5 29.6 28.9 28.4 28.5 28.9 29.2 29.1 29.2 29.4 29.7 28.6 29.1 30.0 29.4 Comoros 29.9 29.9 30.4 30.4 29.7 28.3 27.9 28.3 29.0 29.7 30.3 30.2 30.2 28.2 29.7 30.0 29.5 Congo 29.5 30.6 30.8 30.6 30.0 28.4 27.6 27.8 28.6 29.1 29.0 29.1 30.5 27.9 28.9 29.7 29.3 Cook Isl 29.1 29.4 29.4 28.7 27.5 26.6 26.0 25.9 26.4 26.8 27.6 28.1 28.5 26.2 27.0 28.9 27.6 Costa Rica 29.9 30.6 31.6 31.9 30.7 29.5 29.7 29.7 29.2 29.0 28.7 29.0 31.4 29.6 29.0 29.8 30.0 Croatia 4.5 6.6 10.6 15.1 20.0 23.4 26.1 25.8 22.2 16.8 10.5 5.8 15.2 25.1 16.5 5.6 15.6 Crozet Isl 10.0 10.9 10.1 8.7 7.0 4.3 5.4 5.4 5.3 6.4 7.4 9.4 8.6 5.0 6.4 10.1 7.5 Cuba 27.4 27.7 29.0 30.0 30.8 31.4 32.2 32.2 31.7 30.6 29.1 27.9 29.9 32.0 30.5 27.6 30.0 Curacao Isl 31.2 31.5 31.8 32.1 32.6 32.9 33.0 33.5 33.7 33.1 32.3 31.5 32.1 33.1 33.0 31.4 32.4 Cyprus 14.2 15.1 17.8 22.1 26.3 30.4 32.9 33.0 30.7 26.1 20.7 15.9 22.1 32.1 25.8 15.0 23.8 Czech Republic -0.2 2.0 6.7 12.3 17.6 20.6 22.4 22.2 18.2 12.7 5.5 1.4 12.2 21.8 12.1 1.1 11.8 Denmark 1.2 1.6 4.6 9.5 15.3 19.1 20.3 20.1 16.1 11.6 6.5 3.0 9.8 19.8 11.4 1.9 10.7 Djibouti 28.9 29.5 31.2 32.7 34.8 37.2 37.9 37.3 35.4 32.9 30.9 29.3 32.9 37.5 33.0 29.2 33.2 Dominica 24.7 24.5 24.8 25.2 25.9 26.4 26.5 26.8 26.8 26.5 25.8 25.1 25.3 26.6 26.4 24.8 25.8 Dominican Republic 27.2 27.7 28.4 29.0 29.5 30.2 30.5 30.8 30.6 29.9 28.9 27.8 29.0 30.5 29.8 27.6 29.2 Ducie Isl 25.8 26.3 26.1 24.5 23.0 21.7 21.0 20.6 21.2 22.2 23.1 24.5 24.5 21.1 22.2 25.5 23.3 Easter Isl 25.2 25.7 25.4 23.8 22.2 20.7 19.8 19.3 19.8 20.7 21.9 23.7 23.8 19.9 20.8 24.9 22.4 Ecuador 28.4 28.4 28.5 28.3 28.0 27.3 27.1 27.7 28.1 28.2 28.4 28.4 28.3 27.3 28.2 28.4 28.1 Egypt 19.9 22.0 25.3 30.3 34.0 36.5 36.3 36.2 34.3 31.1 25.5 21.2 29.9 36.3 30.3 21.0 29.4 El Salvador 30.4 31.1 32.6 32.8 31.6 30.0 30.4 30.2 29.1 29.0 29.2 29.5 32.3 30.2 29.1 30.3 30.5 Equatorial Guinea 29.1 30.0 29.7 29.8 29.3 27.9 26.7 26.9 28.0 28.1 28.5 28.5 29.6 27.1 28.2 29.2 28.5 Eritrea 29.1 30.1 31.9 33.4 34.5 35.0 33.2 32.5 32.9 32.2 31.0 29.5 33.2 33.6 32.0 29.6 32.1 Estonia -3.4 -2.9 1.3 7.9 15.2 19.6 21.1 19.8 14.7 9.1 3.2 -0.9 8.1 20.1 9.0 -2.4 8.7 Ethiopia 28.9 29.8 30.6 30.2 29.7 29.1 27.6 27.6 28.6 28.5 28.2 28.3 30.2 28.1 28.4 29.0 28.9 Faeroes 5.1 5.1 5.6 7.1 9.2 11.4 12.4 12.7 11.2 9.4 6.5 5.5 7.3 12.2 9.1 5.2 8.4 Falkland Isl 14.1 14.0 12.8 10.3 7.4 5.6 5.1 6.0 7.7 9.9 11.8 13.4 10.2 5.6 9.8 13.8 9.8 Fernando de Noronha 30.0 30.3 29.7 29.8 29.4 28.8 28.0 28.2 28.8 29.2 29.6 29.6 29.6 28.3 29.2 30.0 29.3 Fiji 29.5 29.7 29.5 28.8 27.4 26.6 25.8 26.1 26.6 27.4 28.1 29.0 28.6 26.2 27.4 29.4 27.9 Finland -7.4 -6.5 -1.1 4.8 12.5 18.2 20.3 17.8 11.8 5.4 -0.7 -5.0 5.4 18.8 5.5 -6.3 5.8 France 6.4 7.8 10.6 13.6 17.5 21.0 23.9 23.4 20.8 16.0 10.3 7.1 13.9 22.8 15.7 7.1 14.9 Franz Joseph Land -23.1 -23.3 -20.8 -16.0 -8.5 1.3 6.9 4.4 -0.9 -9.8 -16.8 -19.8 -15.1 4.2 -9.2 -22.1 -10.5 French Guiana 28.5 28.6 28.8 29.2 29.0 29.3 29.7 30.6 31.3 31.5 30.8 29.4 29.0 29.9 31.2 28.8 29.7 Gabon 29.8 30.5 30.9 30.8 30.0 27.9 26.8 27.1 28.6 29.3 29.2 29.0 30.6 27.3 29.0 29.8 29.2 Galapagos Isl 29.1 30.5 30.9 30.2 28.6 27.1 25.8 25.0 24.8 25.5 26.3 27.8 29.9 25.9 25.5 29.1 27.6 Gambia 33.1 35.4 37.6 38.4 38.5 35.8 32.9 31.5 31.9 33.9 34.3 32.4 38.1 33.4 33.4 33.7 34.6 Georgia -2.6 -1.2 3.7 11.7 16.8 20.5 23.6 23.4 19.4 12.7 6.0 0.0 10.7 22.5 12.7 -1.2 11.2 Germany 2.0 3.4 7.5 12.1 17.2 20.4 22.0 21.9 18.3 13.1 6.9 3.2 12.3 21.4 12.8 2.9 12.3 Ghana 33.5 35.3 35.2 34.2 32.8 30.7 29.2 28.9 29.8 31.6 33.2 32.8 34.1 29.6 31.5 33.9 32.3 Gibraltar 16.0 16.6 18.0 19.7 22.4 25.6 28.5 28.8 26.8 22.9 18.8 16.5 20.0 27.6 22.8 16.4 21.7 Gough Isl 16.9 17.4 16.8 15.1 13.5 12.3 11.4 11.1 11.4 12.8 14.7 16.1 15.1 11.6 13.0 16.8 14.1 Grand Cayman 28.9 29.2 30.0 30.5 31.4 32.0 32.6 32.4 32.2 31.5 30.4 29.5 30.6 32.3 31.4 29.2 30.9 Greece 10.5 11.6 14.3 18.5 23.4 27.8 30.3 30.1 26.9 21.3 16.4 12.2 18.7 29.4 21.5 11.4 20.3 Greenland -14.1 -16.5 -18.7 -13.5 -6.0 -0.3 2.7 0.9 -5.0 -12.0 -14.8 -17.0 -12.7 1.1 -10.6 -15.9 -9.5 Grenada 29.1 29.2 30.1 30.8 31.4 31.0 30.8 31.2 31.4 31.1 30.4 29.5 30.8 31.0 31.0 29.3 30.5 Guadalupe 20.4 20.5 20.3 20.7 20.9 21.7 23.5 24.6 25.5 25.0 23.2 21.4 20.6 23.3 24.6 20.8 22.3 Guadeloupe 27.7 27.6 28.1 28.7 29.2 29.8 30.2 30.2 30.1 29.7 29.1 28.0 28.7 30.1 29.6 27.8 29.0 Guatemala 26.5 27.8 29.4 30.8 30.8 29.8 29.1 29.5 28.9 28.1 27.1 26.6 30.3 29.5 28.1 27.0 28.7 Guinea 32.2 34.1 35.1 35.1 33.6 30.8 29.1 28.4 29.4 30.6 31.8 31.4 34.6 29.4 30.6 32.6 31.8 Guinea-Bissau 31.8 34.0 35.6 36.1 35.3 32.7 30.2 29.4 30.2 31.7 32.5 31.2 35.7 30.8 31.5 32.4 32.6 Guyana 29.5 29.8 30.1 30.2 30.0 29.6 29.8 30.6 31.5 31.8 31.3 30.2 30.1 30.0 31.6 29.8 30.4 Haiti 27.8 28.2 29.0 29.3 29.9 30.7 31.3 31.4 31.0 30.3 29.0 28.1 29.4 31.1 30.1 28.0 29.7 Hawaii 24.5 24.4 24.5 25.0 26.0 27.1 27.4 27.9 27.9 27.2 26.0 25.0 25.2 27.5 27.0 24.6 26.1 Heard Isl 9.9 9.4 7.7 5.1 3.2 2.0 1.4 1.5 1.8 3.6 6.4 8.8 5.3 1.6 4.0 9.4 5.1 Henderson Isl 27.8 28.1 28.0 26.8 25.2 24.0 23.4 23.1 23.7 24.4 25.4 26.5 26.7 23.5 24.5 27.5 25.5 Holland 4.6 5.4 8.5 11.9 16.6 19.2 21.0 21.4 18.3 14.1 8.9 6.0 12.3 20.6 13.8 5.3 13.0 Honduras 25.7 27.1 28.9 29.8 30.1 28.9 28.3 28.8 28.8 27.9 26.7 26.1 29.6 28.7 27.8 26.3 28.1 Hong Kong 18.9 18.8 21.8 25.6 29.1 30.6 32.0 31.9 30.8 28.2 24.3 20.6 25.5 31.5 27.8 19.4 26.1 Hungary 1.1 4.4 9.9 16.1 21.1 24.1 26.0 25.6 21.8 16.0 8.2 2.8 15.7 25.2 15.3 2.8 14.7 Iceland 0.1 0.5 0.8 2.9 6.3 9.7 11.5 10.8 7.5 4.2 1.1 0.1 3.3 10.6 4.3 0.2 4.6 India 23.7 26.1 30.4 34.0 35.6 33.7 30.6 29.7 30.2 30.0 27.2 24.3 33.3 31.4 29.1 24.7 29.6 Indonesia 30.1 30.3 30.5 30.8 30.9 30.4 30.2 30.5 30.8 31.2 31.0 30.5 30.8 30.4 31.0 30.3 30.6 Iran 10.7 12.8 18.0 24.0 29.8 34.7 36.4 35.3 32.1 26.0 19.3 13.1 23.9 35.5 25.8 12.2 24.3 Iraq 14.2 16.8 21.3 27.4 34.0 38.9 41.8 41.5 38.3 31.5 22.7 16.0 27.6 40.7 30.9 15.7 28.7 Ireland 7.5 7.7 9.5 11.8 14.3 17.0 18.5 18.3 16.3 13.4 9.8 8.3 11.9 17.9 13.1 7.8 12.7 Isl Glorieuses 30.8 30.7 31.7 31.8 31.5 29.9 29.7 30.1 30.7 31.6 31.6 31.2 31.7 29.9 31.3 30.9 30.9 Isl Wallis 30.0 30.5 30.0 30.0 29.7 29.4 29.1 28.7 29.4 29.5 30.0 30.7 29.9 29.1 29.6 30.4 29.8 Isl da Trindade 29.4 28.9 29.6 27.9 26.7 25.0 24.3 23.8 24.4 25.9 27.0 27.9 28.0 24.4 25.7 28.7 26.7 Isl de Horn 30.0 30.9 30.1 30.0 29.6 29.0 28.4 28.0 28.8 29.3 29.7 30.8 29.9 28.5 29.3 30.6 29.5 Isl de Providencia 29.2 29.6 30.5 31.0 30.9 30.2 30.4 30.4 30.2 30.0 29.3 29.1 30.8 30.3 29.8 29.3 30.1 Isl de San Andres 29.4 29.9 30.8 31.1 30.7 30.2 30.4 30.3 30.2 30.0 29.4 29.2 30.9 30.3 29.9 29.5 30.1 Isl de la Bahia 28.8 29.7 31.2 32.5 32.9 32.1 31.6 32.0 32.1 31.2 29.8 29.1 32.2 31.9 31.0 29.2 31.1 Israel 16.2 17.4 19.9 24.3 27.8 30.6 32.0 32.2 30.8 27.9 23.0 17.9 24.0 31.6 27.2 17.2 25.0 Italy 8.8 9.9 12.1 15.3 19.7 23.7 26.8 26.6 23.4 18.7 13.6 9.9 15.7 25.7 18.6 9.5 17.4 Ivory Coast 33.2 34.5 34.3 33.5 32.2 30.2 28.7 28.5 29.5 30.8 32.0 32.0 33.3 29.2 30.8 33.2 31.6 Jamaica 28.1 28.3 28.8 29.3 29.3 29.9 30.6 30.8 30.2 29.3 28.9 28.7 29.1 30.4 29.5 28.3 29.3 Jan Mayen -3.7 -3.9 -3.9 -1.8 1.3 4.1 6.1 6.7 4.5 1.9 -1.4 -3.0 -1.4 5.6 1.7 -3.5 0.6 Japan 3.6 4.2 7.8 14.2 19.0 21.9 25.6 27.2 23.4 18.0 12.2 6.6 13.6 24.9 17.9 4.8 15.3 Jordan 13.7 15.7 19.5 24.9 29.7 33.5 35.1 35.1 33.0 28.1 21.1 15.5 24.7 34.6 27.4 15.0 25.4 Juan Fernandez Isl 21.1 21.4 20.7 19.0 17.1 15.3 14.3 14.0 14.1 15.4 17.0 19.4 18.9 14.5 15.5 20.6 17.4 Kara Sea Isl -23.8 -23.6 -21.9 -15.7 -7.6 0.7 4.9 3.8 -0.3 -8.7 -17.2 -20.1 -15.1 3.1 -8.7 -22.5 -10.8 Kazakhstan -7.3 -6.3 1.4 14.7 22.9 28.2 30.6 28.3 22.3 12.1 3.0 -3.9 13.0 29.0 12.5 -5.8 12.2 Kenya 31.7 32.7 32.7 31.2 30.0 29.2 28.5 28.9 30.2 31.0 30.4 30.9 31.3 28.8 30.5 31.8 30.6 Kerguelen Isl 9.9 10.1 9.2 7.4 5.4 3.9 3.6 3.7 4.2 5.5 7.2 8.8 7.3 3.7 5.7 9.6 6.6 Kiribati 30.9 31.1 31.1 31.1 31.4 31.1 30.8 31.1 31.1 31.0 31.3 31.1 31.2 31.0 31.1 31.0 31.1 Komandorskiye Isl -1.4 -1.5 -0.4 1.9 5.3 9.9 13.2 14.6 12.5 7.4 2.3 -0.2 2.3 12.6 7.4 -1.0 5.3 Kuril Isl -3.2 -3.8 -1.3 3.6 7.6 9.8 13.1 15.7 14.5 10.6 4.7 0.0 3.3 12.9 9.9 -2.3 6.0 Kuwait 18.1 20.6 25.6 30.9 38.1 42.6 43.9 43.7 41.1 35.0 26.5 20.1 31.5 43.4 34.2 19.6 32.2 Kyrgyzstan -8.4 -7.0 0.4 9.7 14.3 19.0 22.2 21.8 16.9 9.1 0.6 -5.6 8.1 21.0 8.9 -7.0 7.7 La Tortuga Isl 29.4 29.8 30.6 31.1 31.6 31.2 31.1 31.5 31.9 31.7 30.8 29.9 31.1 31.3 31.5 29.7 30.9 Laccadive Isl 31.2 31.6 32.6 33.1 32.2 29.7 28.6 28.8 29.6 30.8 31.4 31.5 32.6 29.0 30.6 31.4 30.9 Laos 23.8 25.6 28.1 29.9 30.0 29.2 28.8 28.6 28.4 27.3 25.3 23.7 29.3 28.9 27.0 24.3 27.4 Latvia -3.0 -2.3 2.1 9.0 16.2 20.0 21.2 20.3 15.6 9.8 3.6 -0.7 9.1 20.5 9.6 -2.0 9.3 Lau Group 29.5 30.4 29.5 28.6 27.5 26.7 26.2 25.5 26.4 26.8 27.9 28.8 28.5 26.1 27.0 29.6 27.8 Lebanon 12.0 13.2 16.0 20.5 24.9 28.7 31.1 31.3 29.3 25.3 19.1 13.4 20.5 30.4 24.6 12.8 22.1 Lesotho 23.6 22.3 20.8 17.4 15.0 12.6 13.2 15.2 18.8 19.7 20.7 22.5 17.7 13.7 19.8 22.8 18.5 Liberia 31.6 32.2 32.5 32.2 31.3 29.9 28.6 28.4 29.2 30.1 30.7 30.7 32.0 28.9 30.0 31.5 30.6 Libya 19.3 21.8 25.3 29.8 34.2 37.2 36.7 36.4 34.5 30.3 24.7 20.0 29.8 36.7 29.9 20.4 29.2 Liechtenstein -0.2 1.1 4.6 8.4 12.6 16.0 18.4 17.6 14.9 10.3 4.3 1.1 8.5 17.3 9.8 0.7 9.1 Line Isl 30.0 30.1 30.4 30.6 30.7 30.6 30.6 30.7 30.7 30.8 30.7 30.3 30.6 30.6 30.8 30.1 30.5 Lithuania -2.8 -1.7 3.0 10.3 17.5 20.8 21.9 21.4 16.4 10.5 4.0 -0.3 10.2 21.3 10.3 -1.6 10.1 Lord Howe Isl 24.5 24.7 24.1 22.4 20.5 18.9 18.0 18.2 19.0 20.1 21.3 23.1 22.3 18.3 20.1 24.1 21.2 Luxembourg 2.8 4.8 8.6 12.5 17.6 20.4 22.6 22.0 18.8 13.9 7.1 3.8 12.9 21.7 13.3 3.8 12.9 Macau 18.9 18.8 21.8 25.6 29.2 30.8 32.2 32.0 31.0 28.3 24.5 20.7 25.5 31.7 27.9 19.5 26.2 Macedonia 2.3 5.0 9.4 14.8 19.9 23.7 26.4 26.5 22.7 16.4 9.5 4.2 14.7 25.5 16.2 3.8 15.1 Macquarie Isl 8.9 8.8 8.1 6.8 5.7 4.9 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.7 6.6 8.0 6.9 4.8 5.8 8.5 6.5 Madagascar 28.9 28.9 28.8 28.2 26.7 25.1 24.6 25.2 26.5 27.7 28.4 28.7 27.9 25.0 27.5 28.8 27.3 Madeira 16.6 16.6 17.0 17.3 18.6 20.4 22.7 23.8 23.5 21.7 19.3 17.5 17.6 22.3 21.5 16.9 19.6 Malawi 27.6 27.5 27.7 27.1 25.8 24.5 24.2 25.6 28.3 30.2 30.0 28.4 26.9 24.7 29.5 27.9 27.2 Malaysia 28.7 29.1 29.7 30.2 30.4 30.2 29.9 29.9 29.8 29.6 29.2 28.8 30.1 30.0 29.5 28.9 29.6 Maldives 30.5 30.6 31.1 31.5 30.9 30.3 30.0 29.9 29.8 30.2 30.4 30.5 31.2 30.1 30.1 30.5 30.5 Mali 29.0 32.3 35.3 38.2 40.4 40.3 38.3 36.8 37.1 36.7 33.3 29.2 38.0 38.4 35.7 30.2 35.6 Malta 15.5 16.5 17.9 20.8 24.8 28.7 31.5 31.9 29.3 25.0 20.6 16.8 21.2 30.7 25.0 16.2 23.3 Marianas 29.9 30.3 30.5 30.9 31.0 31.0 30.7 30.6 30.8 30.9 30.9 30.4 30.8 30.8 30.9 30.2 30.7 Marquesas 30.6 30.9 30.8 30.6 30.1 29.2 28.8 28.7 29.2 29.9 30.6 30.9 30.5 28.9 29.9 30.8 30.0 Marshall Isl 29.6 29.9 30.0 30.0 30.1 30.3 30.3 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.2 29.7 30.1 30.4 30.4 29.7 30.1 Martinique 27.5 27.5 28.0 28.6 29.2 29.5 29.3 29.7 29.7 29.4 28.8 27.9 28.6 29.5 29.3 27.6 28.8 Mauritania 27.9 30.5 33.3 35.9 39.1 40.9 40.6 39.1 38.0 36.4 32.1 27.6 36.1 40.2 35.5 28.7 35.1 Mauritius 28.4 28.5 28.3 27.3 25.6 24.0 22.9 22.9 23.8 25.0 26.6 27.8 27.0 23.2 25.1 28.2 25.9 Mexico 23.1 24.8 27.2 30.0 31.8 32.5 31.9 31.7 30.6 28.8 26.0 23.6 29.7 32.0 28.5 23.8 28.5 Moldavia -0.5 0.9 6.3 15.1 21.3 24.7 26.2 26.0 21.7 14.8 7.4 2.2 14.2 25.7 14.7 0.9 13.9 Monaco 9.7 10.4 12.3 15.2 18.4 22.1 25.1 25.1 22.5 18.5 13.7 10.8 15.3 24.1 18.2 10.3 17.0 Mongolia -14.3 -10.7 -1.5 8.9 17.4 22.3 23.6 22.0 16.2 7.7 -3.8 -12.0 8.2 22.6 6.7 -12.4 6.3 Montserrat 27.3 27.3 27.6 28.1 28.7 29.2 29.7 29.8 29.7 29.4 28.6 27.7 28.1 29.6 29.2 27.4 28.6 Morocco 15.4 16.8 19.0 20.7 24.4 28.3 32.6 32.3 28.9 24.0 19.1 15.7 21.4 31.1 24.0 16.0 23.1 Mozambique 30.6 30.4 30.2 29.2 27.8 26.1 25.7 27.2 29.4 30.8 31.3 30.8 29.1 26.3 30.5 30.6 29.1 Myanmar 25.6 27.7 30.3 31.9 30.6 28.6 28.1 28.1 28.6 28.4 27.0 25.4 30.9 28.3 28.0 26.2 28.4 Namibia 30.4 29.3 28.5 27.0 24.9 22.5 22.5 24.4 27.5 29.2 29.9 30.7 26.8 23.2 28.9 30.1 27.2 Nauru 30.7 30.7 30.6 30.9 31.0 30.8 30.9 31.0 30.5 31.1 31.0 30.8 30.8 30.9 30.9 30.7 30.8 Nepal 7.2 8.4 12.5 16.3 18.7 20.3 19.8 19.1 18.3 15.3 11.9 8.9 15.8 19.8 15.2 8.2 14.7 New Caledonia 27.8 27.9 27.3 26.0 24.4 23.3 22.3 22.4 23.2 24.6 26.0 27.1 25.9 22.6 24.6 27.6 25.2 New Siberian Isl -36.2 -34.7 -26.5 -15.2 -2.8 9.5 13.3 10.0 2.3 -12.4 -27.9 -33.3 -14.8 10.9 -12.6 -34.7 -12.8 New Zealand 20.5 20.6 18.9 15.8 12.4 10.0 9.3 10.6 12.6 14.8 16.8 18.8 15.7 9.9 14.7 20.0 15.1 Nicaragua 28.2 29.3 30.5 31.2 30.8 29.6 29.4 29.4 29.3 29.1 28.4 28.1 30.9 29.5 28.9 28.5 29.4 Nicobar Isl 31.0 31.6 32.2 32.8 32.1 31.5 31.2 31.1 31.0 31.2 31.3 30.9 32.3 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.5 Niger 27.1 30.4 34.3 38.2 40.4 40.2 38.1 36.7 37.3 36.1 31.7 28.0 37.7 38.3 35.0 28.5 34.9 Nigeria 32.2 34.4 36.0 35.9 34.4 32.2 30.1 29.4 30.6 32.5 33.0 32.3 35.4 30.6 32.1 33.0 32.7 Niue 28.7 29.0 28.8 28.1 26.8 26.4 25.7 25.6 26.4 26.8 27.3 27.9 27.9 25.9 26.8 28.5 27.3 Norfolk Isl 24.4 24.7 24.2 22.5 20.8 19.3 18.1 18.2 18.7 20.0 21.5 23.1 22.5 18.5 20.1 24.1 21.3 North Korea -6.5 -3.4 3.5 12.6 19.0 22.4 24.9 25.1 20.4 14.2 4.6 -3.7 11.7 24.2 13.1 -4.5 11.1 Northern Marianas 29.2 29.3 29.7 30.2 30.5 31.0 30.8 30.6 30.8 30.8 30.5 29.9 30.1 30.8 30.7 29.5 30.3 Norway -4.7 -4.2 -0.7 3.3 9.2 13.9 15.8 14.6 10.1 5.0 -0.1 -2.9 3.9 14.8 5.0 -3.9 5.0 Novaya Zemlya -21.1 -20.9 -15.8 -11.4 -4.6 5.5 12.4 9.0 3.3 -6.2 -13.7 -17.1 -10.6 9.0 -5.5 -19.7 -6.7 Oman 24.8 25.6 28.6 32.1 34.8 34.9 33.0 31.9 32.1 31.7 29.2 26.1 31.8 33.3 31.0 25.5 30.4 Pakistan 16.0 17.9 23.2 29.1 33.5 36.0 34.5 33.4 32.1 29.0 23.6 18.0 28.6 34.6 28.2 17.3 27.2 Palau Isl 30.6 30.6 30.9 31.4 31.6 31.2 30.8 30.9 31.2 31.4 31.5 31.1 31.3 31.0 31.3 30.8 31.1 Panama 29.4 30.0 30.9 30.9 30.2 29.3 29.7 29.3 28.9 28.7 28.4 28.7 30.7 29.4 28.7 29.4 29.5 Papua New Guinea 30.7 30.5 30.5 30.6 29.8 29.9 29.5 29.7 30.4 31.0 31.3 31.0 30.3 29.7 30.9 30.8 30.4 Paracel Isl 25.6 26.3 28.3 30.3 31.6 31.6 31.4 31.2 30.6 29.6 28.1 26.4 30.1 31.4 29.4 26.1 29.2 Paraguay 33.3 32.6 31.5 28.9 26.1 23.9 24.6 26.9 28.8 30.9 32.2 33.2 28.8 25.1 30.6 33.0 29.4 Peru 25.8 25.9 25.9 25.7 25.4 25.0 24.7 25.5 25.9 26.1 26.4 26.3 25.7 25.0 26.1 26.0 25.7 Philippines 28.6 29.1 30.2 31.3 31.6 30.7 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.0 29.6 29.0 31.0 30.4 30.0 28.9 30.1 Phoenix Isl 30.2 30.6 30.6 30.8 30.9 30.6 30.6 30.7 31.0 31.0 30.9 30.7 30.8 30.6 31.0 30.5 30.7 Poland -0.1 1.6 6.4 12.1 18.3 21.2 22.7 22.4 18.0 12.7 6.1 2.0 12.3 22.1 12.2 1.1 11.9 Portugal 13.0 14.0 16.2 18.0 21.2 25.0 28.4 28.5 26.1 21.5 16.3 13.1 18.5 27.3 21.3 13.4 20.1 Prince Edward Isl 9.0 9.3 9.0 7.5 6.3 5.6 4.9 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.3 8.3 7.6 5.0 6.1 8.9 6.9 Puerto Rica 27.4 27.5 28.1 28.8 29.6 30.2 30.4 30.6 30.7 30.3 29.3 28.1 28.8 30.4 30.1 27.7 29.3 Qatar 21.9 23.6 27.6 32.6 38.5 41.0 41.9 41.3 39.3 35.4 29.5 24.0 32.9 41.4 34.7 23.1 33.0 Reunion 26.6 26.5 26.3 25.1 23.4 21.8 21.0 21.0 22.0 23.4 24.8 26.0 25.0 21.3 23.4 26.4 24.0 Rodrigues Isl 28.9 29.2 29.1 28.5 27.0 25.4 24.5 24.3 25.1 25.9 27.0 28.3 28.2 24.7 26.0 28.8 26.9 Romania 0.1 2.4 8.0 14.8 20.1 23.3 25.1 24.9 21.2 15.2 8.1 2.4 14.3 24.4 14.8 1.6 13.8 Russia -20.8 -18.1 -9.2 0.4 9.5 17.3 20.8 17.9 11.0 -0.1 -11.8 -18.3 0.2 18.7 -0.3 -19.1 -0.1 Rwanda 24.0 24.1 24.1 23.3 23.2 23.7 24.0 24.5 24.3 24.0 23.3 23.5 23.5 24.0 23.9 23.9 23.8 Ryukyu Isl 18.3 18.7 20.5 23.5 26.1 28.5 30.8 30.6 29.6 26.9 23.5 20.2 23.4 30.0 26.7 19.1 24.8 Samoa 30.0 30.4 30.2 30.1 29.5 29.1 28.9 28.7 29.2 29.4 29.8 30.1 29.9 28.9 29.5 30.1 29.6 San Marino 5.6 7.4 10.2 14.1 19.0 23.1 25.9 25.4 21.5 16.2 11.2 6.7 14.4 24.8 16.3 6.6 15.5 Sao Tome + Principe 28.0 28.7 28.7 28.6 27.7 26.1 25.0 24.9 25.6 26.2 27.0 27.5 28.3 25.3 26.3 28.1 27.0 Saudi Arabia 21.0 23.0 26.7 30.8 35.7 38.6 38.7 39.0 37.4 32.9 27.0 22.5 31.1 38.8 32.4 22.2 31.1 Senegal 32.9 35.2 37.3 38.4 38.7 36.4 33.5 32.1 32.7 34.8 34.7 32.4 38.1 34.0 34.1 33.5 34.9 Severnaya Zemlya -33.5 -33.0 -28.2 -19.4 -10.3 1.6 9.2 6.3 -1.1 -14.3 -26.7 -29.1 -19.3 5.7 -14.0 -31.9 -14.9 Seychelles 29.8 30.3 31.1 31.4 30.4 29.2 28.2 28.4 28.9 29.5 30.0 30.0 30.9 28.6 29.5 30.0 29.7 Sierra Leone 31.9 33.5 33.9 33.2 31.8 30.1 28.5 28.3 29.4 30.3 31.1 31.2 33.0 29.0 30.3 32.2 31.1 Singapore 29.3 30.1 30.7 31.0 31.1 30.8 30.4 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.0 29.2 30.9 30.5 30.4 29.5 30.3 Slovakia -1.0 1.5 6.4 12.3 17.6 20.4 22.2 22.0 18.1 12.9 5.3 0.5 12.1 21.5 12.1 0.3 11.5 Slovenia 1.6 4.4 9.1 14.1 18.9 22.0 24.0 23.4 20.0 14.7 7.6 2.7 14.0 23.2 14.1 2.9 13.6 Society Isl 29.1 29.3 29.5 29.3 28.5 27.5 27.1 26.9 27.3 27.8 28.4 28.6 29.1 27.2 27.8 29.0 28.3 Socotra 27.2 28.5 30.5 32.7 34.2 33.9 32.0 32.3 32.7 31.4 29.8 28.0 32.5 32.7 31.3 27.9 31.1 Solomon Isl 30.3 29.8 29.5 29.6 29.1 29.2 28.8 29.0 29.8 30.2 30.3 30.3 29.4 29.0 30.1 30.1 29.6 Somalia 31.5 32.4 33.8 34.2 34.0 33.6 32.5 32.8 33.8 32.7 31.9 31.3 34.0 32.9 32.8 31.7 32.9 South Africa 30.1 29.2 27.8 24.7 21.9 19.0 19.2 21.1 23.8 25.7 27.6 29.2 24.8 19.8 25.7 29.5 24.9 South Georgia 5.5 5.6 4.4 1.9 -0.5 -1.8 -2.4 -1.9 -0.2 1.6 3.4 4.5 1.9 -2.0 1.6 5.2 1.7 South Korea 2.8 4.6 9.9 16.8 21.7 24.8 27.4 28.5 24.4 19.5 12.1 5.8 16.1 26.9 18.7 4.4 16.5 Spain 10.3 11.7 14.2 16.3 20.3 24.9 29.0 28.7 25.4 19.7 13.9 10.6 16.9 27.5 19.7 10.8 18.7 Sri Lanka 29.2 30.5 31.7 32.2 31.9 31.1 30.9 30.7 30.8 30.2 29.5 28.8 31.9 30.9 30.2 29.5 30.6 St Croix 28.0 28.2 28.7 29.3 29.9 30.5 30.9 31.1 31.2 30.7 29.9 28.7 29.3 30.8 30.6 28.3 29.8 St Helena 21.7 22.5 22.5 21.7 20.8 19.2 18.1 17.3 17.7 17.8 19.1 20.3 21.7 18.2 18.2 21.5 19.9 St Kitts 26.8 26.9 27.1 27.8 28.2 28.8 29.2 29.5 29.4 29.0 28.3 27.3 27.7 29.2 28.9 27.0 28.2 St Lucia 27.5 27.4 28.0 28.6 29.4 29.7 29.4 29.6 29.8 29.4 28.8 27.9 28.7 29.6 29.3 27.6 28.8 St Vincent 28.7 28.7 29.6 30.3 31.2 31.1 30.7 31.0 31.2 30.8 30.2 29.1 30.4 30.9 30.7 28.8 30.2 Sudan 30.4 32.1 35.0 37.1 37.8 37.1 35.0 34.4 35.1 35.2 32.7 30.6 36.6 35.5 34.3 31.0 34.4 Surinam 28.9 29.1 29.4 29.6 29.5 29.6 29.9 30.9 31.7 32.0 31.3 29.8 29.5 30.1 31.7 29.3 30.1 Svalbard -12.6 -12.7 -12.4 -9.6 -3.4 2.1 6.0 4.8 0.4 -4.7 -8.4 -11.6 -8.5 4.3 -4.2 -12.3 -5.2 Swan Isl 28.9 29.4 30.5 31.4 32.2 31.8 31.8 32.1 32.1 31.2 30.0 29.2 31.4 31.9 31.1 29.2 30.9 Swaziland 30.2 29.9 29.2 27.2 25.9 23.8 24.1 25.5 26.9 27.2 27.9 29.5 27.5 24.5 27.4 29.8 27.3 Sweden -5.4 -4.2 0.1 5.2 12.0 17.4 18.8 17.3 12.1 6.5 0.0 -3.5 5.7 17.8 6.2 -4.4 6.3 Switzerland -0.1 1.2 4.5 8.2 12.5 15.8 18.3 17.6 14.7 10.0 4.4 1.1 8.4 17.3 9.7 0.7 9.0 Syria 10.9 13.3 17.6 23.2 29.3 34.3 37.3 37.0 33.8 27.3 19.3 12.7 23.4 36.2 26.8 12.3 24.7 Tajikistan -6.7 -5.4 0.5 7.8 12.3 18.0 21.7 21.2 17.0 9.6 2.1 -3.8 6.9 20.3 9.6 -5.3 7.9 Tanzania 28.3 28.6 28.6 27.6 27.0 26.5 26.4 27.3 28.6 29.6 29.1 28.3 27.7 26.7 29.1 28.4 28.0 Thailand 29.9 32.0 33.8 34.7 33.1 31.6 31.2 30.8 30.7 30.5 29.6 29.0 33.9 31.2 30.3 30.3 31.4 Togo 33.8 35.5 35.6 34.5 33.0 30.8 29.2 29.0 30.0 31.9 33.7 33.4 34.4 29.7 31.9 34.2 32.5 Tokelau Isl 30.6 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.0 30.6 30.6 30.6 31.0 31.0 31.0 31.0 31.1 30.6 31.0 30.8 30.9 Tonga 29.3 29.8 29.4 28.7 27.6 27.1 26.6 26.3 26.9 27.4 28.0 28.8 28.5 26.7 27.4 29.3 28.0 Trinidad and Tobago 29.0 29.3 29.9 30.5 30.7 29.9 30.0 30.4 30.7 30.5 30.0 29.2 30.3 30.1 30.4 29.2 30.0 Tristan da Cunha 18.4 18.7 18.5 17.0 15.4 14.1 13.2 12.8 13.0 14.1 15.9 17.1 17.0 13.4 14.3 18.1 15.7 Tromelin Isl 30.5 30.7 30.5 29.9 28.6 27.3 26.4 26.2 26.9 27.9 29.2 30.2 29.7 26.6 28.0 30.5 28.7 Truk Isl 30.6 30.7 30.9 31.2 30.9 31.3 30.9 30.9 31.1 31.3 31.3 31.0 31.0 31.0 31.2 30.8 31.0 Tuamotu 29.9 30.0 30.2 29.8 29.2 28.2 27.7 27.5 27.8 28.5 29.0 29.5 29.7 27.8 28.4 29.8 28.9 Tubuai Isl 27.7 28.1 28.2 27.3 25.6 24.4 23.7 23.4 23.8 24.4 25.5 26.6 27.0 23.8 24.6 27.5 25.7 Tunisia 15.5 17.2 19.5 22.8 27.3 31.8 35.0 34.8 31.2 26.0 20.7 16.5 23.2 33.9 26.0 16.4 24.9 Turkey 3.8 5.6 9.9 15.7 20.7 25.3 28.8 28.9 25.4 18.9 12.1 6.1 15.4 27.7 18.8 5.2 16.8 Turkmenistan 5.5 7.6 14.0 22.4 29.1 34.3 36.5 34.8 29.5 21.4 14.4 8.1 21.9 35.2 21.8 7.1 21.5 Tuvalu 31.3 31.3 31.3 31.5 31.3 30.7 30.6 30.7 30.8 30.9 31.3 31.3 31.4 30.7 31.0 31.3 31.1 USA 1.7 4.1 8.7 14.4 20.1 25.0 27.7 26.7 22.4 16.1 8.5 3.2 14.4 26.5 15.7 3.0 14.9 Uganda 30.7 31.1 30.6 29.0 28.2 27.9 27.3 27.6 28.4 28.9 29.1 29.6 29.3 27.6 28.8 30.4 29.0 Ukraine -1.9 -0.5 4.8 14.0 20.6 24.0 25.5 25.0 20.2 13.1 5.8 0.9 13.1 24.8 13.0 -0.5 12.6 United Arab Emirates 23.5 24.6 28.3 33.0 37.9 39.6 40.4 39.8 38.5 34.9 30.0 25.4 33.1 39.9 34.5 24.5 33.0 United Kingdom 5.9 6.0 8.1 10.6 13.8 16.7 18.3 18.1 15.8 12.7 8.6 6.8 10.8 17.7 12.4 6.2 11.8 Uruguay 29.8 28.8 26.8 23.2 19.8 16.6 16.4 17.8 19.5 22.4 25.2 28.2 23.3 16.9 22.4 28.9 22.9 Uzbekistan 0.9 2.9 10.3 20.0 27.0 32.5 34.8 32.6 26.9 18.0 10.4 3.8 19.1 33.3 18.4 2.5 18.3 Vanatu 28.8 28.8 28.5 28.0 26.9 26.5 25.9 25.9 26.2 26.9 27.6 28.0 27.8 26.1 26.9 28.5 27.3 Venezuela 30.4 31.2 31.8 31.3 30.4 29.3 29.3 29.7 30.3 30.5 30.4 30.1 31.2 29.4 30.4 30.6 30.4 Vietnam 23.7 24.8 27.8 29.6 31.1 31.0 30.9 30.7 29.9 28.5 26.5 24.8 29.5 30.9 28.3 24.4 28.3 Virgin Isl 28.0 28.2 28.7 29.3 29.8 30.5 30.8 31.2 31.2 30.8 29.9 28.6 29.2 30.8 30.6 28.3 29.7 Western Sahara 23.5 25.0 27.1 28.4 30.7 32.9 35.6 35.5 33.8 30.9 27.0 23.1 28.7 34.7 30.6 23.8 29.5 Wrangel Isl -21.1 -23.9 -22.2 -16.0 -4.8 3.7 6.8 5.6 0.9 -7.9 -15.3 -20.8 -14.4 5.4 -7.5 -21.9 -9.6 Yemen 24.1 25.0 26.8 29.4 31.9 33.9 32.7 32.4 32.1 29.3 26.4 24.8 29.3 33.0 29.2 24.6 29.1 Yugoslavia 1.7 4.2 9.1 14.9 20.0 23.3 25.7 25.7 21.8 15.7 8.8 3.7 14.6 24.9 15.4 3.2 14.5 Zaire 29.5 30.1 30.2 30.0 30.0 29.3 28.7 29.2 29.8 29.7 29.4 29.1 30.0 29.1 29.6 29.6 29.6 Zambia 27.8 27.9 28.2 28.1 27.0 25.5 25.5 27.8 31.1 32.0 30.4 28.1 27.8 26.3 31.1 27.9 28.3 Zimbabwe 29.2 28.7 28.6 27.6 25.9 23.6 23.7 26.1 29.4 30.9 30.5 29.3 27.4 24.5 30.3 29.1 27.8